PAPER 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PAPER 2 - Essay Example The strain theory assumes that all persons aspire for a similar social status and material needs, although the means available to achieve these desires differs from person to person. Institutions like family, educational system, religion and the economy help the individual in attaining success. However, the theory also believes that issues like family status and wealth play a significant role in determining the level of success attained by the individual even in a highly competitive society (Mednick, 2008). The theory thus contends that strain is felt whenever these support factors do not provide equal opportunity thereby prompting people to adopt illegal ways to achieve these means. Such persons are under pressure from the larger society to conform to specific ideals which ultimately forced them to turn into criminals. On the other hand, the control theory believes that such deviations from conformed norms can be resolved through a good family, parenting and education (Adler, 2009). The control theory relies on the ‘push and pull theory’ to explain the reasons behind crime including social deficiencies and psychological pressures that push the individual towards crime and illegal opportunities that can pull the person towards criminal activities.

Criteria of Leadership Effectiveness Research Paper

Criteria of Leadership Effectiveness - Research Paper Example   This is a critical position. Managerial skills, competency, accountability, service delivery and program implementation are some of the criteria through which a minister is evaluated. Managerial skills entail the ability to control the whole ministry, for instance, the Ministry of Education and ensure efficiency at all lower levels. In actual sense, it is termed as administrative capability Competency bases on the ability to deliver and suitability to hold such a high profile position. In such cases, evaluation based on educational background and experience. Accountability, though a managerial skill, it is an independent variable. Ministries deal with lots of cash and thus a minister is evaluated on the basis that the money and services can be accounted for to the last coin. Service delivery is the actual performance towards the set goals. Ministerial positions aim at serving the public and thus its effectiveness is based on this principle by delivery satisfactory results. It all depends on proper implementation of programs.This is the most widespread form of ethical challenge present in almost all organizational systems. By prioritizing issues, there is a huge chance for entities to use bribe as a tool with which they can ensure their ideas are given the first priority. Such unauthorized or formal procedures are considered unethical in any setup. It is difficult to fully contain every bribery situation but it can be reduced by sticking to the stipulated guidelines and penalizing those who indulge in such activities.