What is the meaning of share value maximization Free Essays

The shareholder value represents the interest of stakeholders in a business. Shareholders experiences or seems to see an increase in the value of their shares through dividends or gains at stock exchange. Share value maximization is one of the principles used by management to prioritize the interests of shareholders through projects that will increase profits and ultimately the share dividends. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the meaning of share value maximization? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stock price maximization involves adoption of low cost and efficient processes so as to manufacture goods and services of high quality at the lowest cost possible. Thus, by adopting new technology to produce required goods and services by consumers, is beneficial to the society both in the short and long term basis. In addition, it facilitates courteous and efficient services as well as adequate stocks of merchandise (Kellison, 1991). Discuss the time value of money concept. What is discounting and how is it related to compounding? What is compounding? Explain why earning interest on interest is called compound interest? Time value of money is concept used in financial management to compare alternatives in investment as well as solving problems that involve mortgages, savings, loans, annuities, and leases. Time value of value of money is based on the idea that the amount of money one holds today is worth more than the expectation that he/she the same amount in future. The currently held money has high value in future as it can be invested and earn interest after some time. Discounting involves calculating or converting specific future amount/value of money at certain discount rate to establish its present value. Thus, a person is able to make judgment on whether to invest such amount of money and reap rewards in future. On the other hand, compounding refers to adding interest earned to the principal amount so that it can go on earning higher interests in its own right. The reason that initial interest earns additional interest i. e. compounded is why it is called compound interest (Kellison, 1991). Explain the following statement: While the balance sheet can be thought of as a snapshot of the firm’s financial position as of a point in time, the income statements reports on operations over a period of time? The balance sheet shows the financial position of an enterprise in terms of net assets, capital (stockholder’s or owner’s equity), and liabilities as at the end of a specific fiscal period. At any moment in time, assets are equal to the owner’s equity plus liabilities. Liabilities represent creditor’s claims against the assets of an enterprise. Thus, a balance sheet facilitates a business owner to quickly assess the financial capability and of his/her business. Income statement shows all the business transactions in terms of sales and purchases made, revenue collected, and expenses incurred in given period of time. Therefore, the primary use of income statements is to testify if a company is making profit or loss for a given period of time to the shareholders or potential investors (Frank, 2004). Why is it sometimes misleading to compare a company’s financial ratios with those of other firms that operate in the same industry? First, it is in doubt that different companies apply or use different accounting policies to govern their financial operations. Therefore, a specific accounting policy applied by a certain company may not be similar to another’s policy. For instance, a company may apply accrual basis concept whereas another doest not recognize accruals until they are paid. Secondly, companies operate differently in terms of business activity and management for instance, companies may be in the same industrial sector but they engage in different activities such as production of raw materials and processing. In such a case a production company may be affected by adverse conditions like weather whereas the other is favored by industrial-processing subsidies offered by the government which translates to healthier financial ratios. In addition, some financial managers of certain companies are unscrupulous and such individuals can calculate unprofessionally to lure potential investors. Proper comparison can only be achieved if there are established industrial standards within which all companies can draft their financial ratios (Ibid, 2004). How to cite What is the meaning of share value maximization?, Papers

My last duchess Essay Example For Students

My last duchess Essay In these ten very elemental lines of the poem, Browning successfully exposes the true motives of his speaker, the duke, through his voice of reason at play during conversation with a potential father-in-law. At this point in the text, his audience discovers the reasons for his failed marriage with his former wife, and also learns of her faults. The speaker is obviously bothered by his wifes wanton ways as she was too soon made glad,/ too easily impressed; she liked whateer/ She looked on, and her looks went everywhere(lines 22-25). He had much to offer her, not excluding his prestigious nine-hundred-years-old name (l. 33). As an appreciator of the finer things and high society, he was disturbed by how easily entertained and amused she was by others and their little efforts. The duke is bothered by her nonchalant ways and cannot understand her excitement over the bough of cherries some officious fool/ Broke in the orchard for her(l. 27-28). As if his efforts werent enough! Browning also successfully accomplishes his task as a dramatic monologue with the careful use of words and punctuation. The rushed speech with exclamation points adds to the speakers continuing disbelief in his former wifes priorities. He is astounded by her practice and misgivings while interjecting his own speech with excitable lines to lure the reader. The duke is unwilling to share the dirty details of the foul relationship, but is eager to explain the situation even if it defaces their credibility or his as a valuable member of society. He shares with his listener the tendencies of her heart how shall I say? too soon made glad(l. 23), and although he seems almost reluctant, the reader may also interpret his tone as somewhat fescicious or bitter. This passage is key to the text as a whole because it directly relates the past of the duke with the desires of his future. He tells the story of what went wrong, and what he needs from the man hes currently making negotiations with.

Molluscicidal Effect of Dalandan and Dayap Fruit Extract on Golden Apple Snails Essay Sample free essay sample

This chapter contains subtopics that negotiations about the job in this research such as background of the survey. conceptual model. statement of the job. void hypothesis. significance of the survey. range and boundary lines of the survey and definition of footings. Background of the StudyNowadays. the demands for every man’s demands are drastically increasing. Consumption of our basic demands is at its extremum because of our increasing population. There are many industries now that require twice the attempt of labour than earlier. and one of which is in the agricultural industry. We can non deny the fact that agricultural exports and imports all over the universe are indispensable to keep natural equilibrium and fulfill the demands of society which is why one of the chief beginnings of support in Philippines is farming. Many Filipino husbandmans rely on the gross revenues that the industry offers them and the presence of such plagues like rats. bullets or snails affects their crops/vegetation greatly therefore. it is of import to implement efficient and economical steps in protecting harvests continuously. The aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) are soon considered as a rice plague of national importance. The illegal debut of the aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) took topographic point in the 1980s through the fish tank trade. It was ab initio introduced by the private sector as an aquaculture species. peculiarly as a inexpensive beginning of protein. Subsequently. it found its manner to waterways and rice Fieldss. In 1995. the reported harm of aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) in rice agriculture was estimated in more than 800. 000 hectares all over the state. Estimated rice output loss from aureate apple snail infestation from 1985 to 1991 in the Philippines increased along with spread outing infestation. Alternatively of going a roar to nutrient production it became a curse in rice agriculture. Since so. researches on varied topics. peculiarly on its control in rice agriculture. have been investigated. With these jobs. the research worker is motivated to carry on the survey to find the molluscicidal consequence of dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion on aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) . The research worker believes that this can be of aid to the increasing demands the agricultural industry faces. The research worker will carry on this survey to cognize the components present in the independent variables and measure its effectivity in extinguishing aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) . Conceptual ModelThe research worker will concentrate on finding the molluscicidal consequence of dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion. in the instance of this research. on aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canalicuta ) . In this manner. the research worker can supply new alternate merchandises to utilize that are cheaper but still efficient. advancing use of alternate medical specialties from beginnings that can be easy found. and assisting those who will profit economically. Input Process Output Dalandan( Citrus aurantium ) andDayap( Citrus aurantifolia )fruits ExtractionExperiment The Molluscicidal Property of Dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and Dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion on Golden apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) Figure 1. 1 Conceptual Paradigm Statement of the ProblemThis survey is to be conducted to find the effects of dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion on aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) as a molluscicide: Specifically. the survey aims to reply the following sub-problems such as: 1. What are the components of dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion? 2. What is the degree of effectivity of dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion on aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) at different concentrations? 3. Be at that place any important difference between the dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion and the positive control in extinguishing aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) ? Null HypothesisIn this survey. the research worker will prove the void hypothesis at 0. 05 degree of significance. Holmium: There is no important difference between the dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion and the positive control as a molluscicide on aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) . Significance of the StudyAs this universe undergoes in a thick of modernisation in engineerings. there are besides agricultural promotions being focused on by scientists. This might sound impressive to people but with these are different freshly discovered disease-causing beings to workss. New strains of viruses and unknown diseases have developed and most of the people are merely depending on those dearly-won merchandises. If Filipinos are to utilize alternate merchandises someway. it can non merely assist households in their disbursals but besides the economic system in developing new steps of apportioning its resources. The following are the entities that will be benefited in this survey. Agriculturists. Agriculturists will be cognizant of the possible utilizations of such workss specifically in this survey. dalandan and dayap. They will hold a broader cognition in commanding plagues in the field. Molluscicide makers. With this survey. the makers can believe of certain inventions in their merchandises or even as an linear. These makers can cut the dearly-won production of chemicals and merely lodge to a more economical manner in extinguishing aureate snails. Farmers. The husbandmans are the 1s who will profit largely in this survey for the result that the research workers are anticipating to come up with purposes in extinguishing or commanding plagues. viz. aureate snails in their field. Students. Students can derive more cognition on utilizations that our resources offer us. Opportunities of their involvement in analyzing works belongingss and active components will increase if they are more cognizant of the practical things that certain workss can make in our day-to-day lives. Future Researchers. The consequence of this research can actuate other research workers to carry on hereafter related surveies. They can utilize this as a footing for their ain researches. Give the information. they can th erefore cognize which works is appropriate to be used in a certain surveies. Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThe molluscicidal consequence of dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion on aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canliculata ) and its efficaciousness degree are the lone focal point of this survey. The research worker used 60 ( 60 ) aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) which were gathered from Barangay Padilla. San Carlos City. Pangasinan. The said fruits were weighed every bit holding two ( 2 ) kgs each and was gathered from Barangay Bani. San Carlos City. Pangasinan. The bottles had 100 milliliter of every bit distributed solutions incorporating dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion at five different concentrations each. The independent and dependent variables used were delimited and merely gathered within San Carlos City. Pangasinan. To find the constituents of dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion that can be a utile subs tance in extinguishing aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) . different researches and library plants will be conducted by the research worker. The experiment will be performed in Virgen Milagrosa Special Science High School research lab. San Carlos City. Pangasinan on the school twelvemonth 2011-2012. Definition of FootingsThe footings in this survey are defined to supply clear and better apprehension of this survey. Extraction. This is the procedure of dividing soluble from dissolvers or roll uping the liquid signifier from any liquid-bearing stuff. Extraction will be done in this survey to obtain the needful sum of dalandan and dayap fruit infusion which will be compared on different concentrations. Molluscicide. Molluscicides are besides known as snail come-ons or snail pellets. They are used against molluscs which are normally used in agribusiness or horticulture to command plagues such as snails that can damage harvests by feeding on them. In this survey. the merchandise will be of the same intent as stated and will be compared by each concentration. Chapter IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESThis chapter contains brief statements reciting the related literature. related surveies and synthesis of related surveies. This chapter besides gives the undermentioned information about the history and definition of the independent variables viz. the dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit infusion and the dependant variable which is the aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) . Related LiteratureThis contains related literatures about the researcher’s survey to give farther penetrations about aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) . dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit. The related literature was taken from different mentions whether local or foreign 1s. Methods for Controling Molluscs 2009 stated that fresh stuffs for commanding mollusk such as snails and bullets are carbohydrates including cellulose. hemicellulose composites. and/or lignin. for bring oning decease in mollusk. The stuffs are non-toxic. will non pollute a imbibing H2O supply. will non harm fish. birds or wild life. will non do any harmful effects if swallowed or absorbed through the tegument. will non harm kids or pets. and can be safely eaten by domestic animate beings and farm animal that may devour such dead mollusk. The stuffs may be applied in assorted preparations at assorted H2O contents. The stuffs do non supply nutrition to the mollusk. and disrupt normal bodily maps ensuing in decease. An attractant may be included to promote consumption by the mollusk. Many citrous fruit fruits contain a higher sum of saccharides. but are a good beginning of vitamins and fibre. Of the citrous fruit fruits. Citrus paradisis contain the least sum of saccharides with 8 g of saccharides per 100 g helping. Lemons. calcium hydroxides and oranges contain about 9. 11 and 12 g of saccharide. severally. Snails and bullets like to conceal and engender under foliages. Puting snails and bullets in a Sn of salty H2O causes them to decease rapidly. Harmonizing to JSTOR Ambio. Vol 25. pp. 443-448. the aureate apple snails ( Pomacea cannaliculata ) was introduced deliberately into Asia in 1980 with the outlook that it could be cultivated as a high-protein nutrient beginning for local ingestion and as an export trade good for high income states. It has since invaded Asians rice systems. where it is dispersed through extended webs. and feeds voraciously on immature rice seedlings. Related SurveiesThis contains related surveies about the research to back up its aim. The related surveies were taken from different published mentions.In the survey of Aguinaldo. H. A. and M. G Mina. they found out that Volatile oil from calamansi rind ( Citrus mitis L. ) was isolated and evaluated for molluscicidal action against Pomaceae caniculata L. ( aureate kuhol ) . Three readyings at changing concentrations of volatile oil were prepared. i. e. T1 ( 10 per centum volatile oil ) ; T2 ( 20 per centum Volatile oil ) ; T3 ( 30 per centum Volatile oil ) . These were tested against freshly hatched aureate kuhol. Mortality rate and per centum endurance were considered. All the three volatile oil readyings were effectual in commanding the Pomaceae caniculata L. The authority of the volatile oil from calamansi rind increased as concentration increased and as clip of exposure increased. The 30 per centum volatile oil gave the highest mortality rate. Harmonizing to P. M. Jazet Dongmo. et Al. . Essential oils of three assortments of Citrus aurantifolia ( Bearss. Mexican and â€Å"Sans epines† ) grown in Cameroon were extracted by hydrodistillation with outputs of 0. 29. 0. 57 and 0. 25 % severally. The chemical analysis was carried out by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The three samples were found to be really rich in monoterpenes. and limonene was the major compound with 53. 92. 43. 53 and 51. 98 % severally. The finding of the fungicidal activity was done by the incorporation technique. The three infusions exerted an inhibiting action on the radial growing of Phaeoramularia angolensis which is antifungal. The MIC obtained is 1. 4 mg/ml for C. aurantifolia volt-ampere. Mexican and 1. 5 mg/ml for Bearss and â€Å"Sans epines† assortments. These three necessity oils could represent an option to chemical antifungals normally used for Citrus fruit harvests. In add-on. the indis pensable oil of the Bears assortment was fractionated and the fractions were tested in order to find the active compounds. The most active fractions are rich in neral and geranial. compounds which could therefore be responsible for the activity of the petroleum infusion. It is said by Jorry Dharmawan that the volatile compounds of the hand-pressed Peel oil from the selected citrous fruit fruits from Asia. viz. Indonesian Pontianak oranges ( Citrus nobilis Lour. volt-ampere. microcarpa Hassk. ) . Indian Mosambi ( Citrus sinensis Osbeck ) and Filipino Dalandans ( Citrus reticulata Blanco ) . were characterized by GC-FID and GC/MS. A sum of 32 compounds were found in Pontianak orange. 29 in Mosambi and 37 compounds in Dalandan Peel oils. Limonene dominated the composing of each of the oils and most of the compounds were present in the concentrations less than 0. 1 % . The absence of some of import subscriber compounds to mandarin household in Pontianak orange show that it is a Citrus reticulata that has alone characteristic spirit. The characteristic compound of sweet orangish oil. ?-3-carene. was found in Mosambi Peel oil. The presence of ?-terpinene in Dalandan was exceptionally high ( 4. 3 % ) compared with other cultivars. Isopiperitenone was the te ntatively-identified volatile compound non often reported in other citrous fruit fruits found in Dalandan Peel oil. It could be the of import subscriber to the characteristic olfactory property of Dalandan despite its hint sum. Sythesis of the Study With respects to the related surveies stated. it indicates that Citrus mitis L. has the ability in extinguishing aureate apple snails and merely that coinage of the genus Citrus. Carbohydrate-rich nutrients and certain volatile oils found in dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) makes it a possible molluscicide on aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) . It was besides stated that snails are repulsed from strong smelling substances and someof which can be gathered from the independent variables. Chapter IIIResearch MethodologyThis chapter presents the stuffs and methods that will be used in this research. This includes the research design. research topic. and locale. population of the sampling process. informations aggregation and tools for informations analysis. Research DesignIn this experimental survey. the research worker used Randomized Complete Block Design ( RCBD ) . This experimental design uses a group of trial workss and animate beings as topics of the survey which are studied one time but subsequent interventions applied are replicated to find the cause of alteration. There is control in this design and the topics had undergone randomisation procedure. Research LocaleThe preparation of the alternate merchandise to be used in this survey and the existent experiment was comducted at Virgen Milagrosa Special Science High School research lab. San Carlos City Pangasinan. The dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit was gathered from Barangay Bani. San Carlos City. Pangasinan. The aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) nevertheless came from Barangay Padilla St. San Carlos City. Pangasinan. Research SubjectThe research worker used 60 ( 60 ) aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) as topics. These was grouped into six ( 6 ) holding ten ( 10 ) aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) each. Research MaterialsThe stuffs used in the survey are weighing balance. bottle/sprayers. and liquid mensurating devices such as beakers and graduated cylinders used to mensurate the sums of the infusion to be used in application. Dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruits was gathered weighing two ( 2 ) kgs each where the infusion needed for the experiment was obtained. Procedures/Data CollectionThe research worker gathered dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruits in this survey. The fruits was subjected to a weighing balance to run into the needed sum which is two ( 2 ) kgs each to be used in the the existent experiment before pull outing its juice. After pull outing on a beaker. the obtained infusion was transferred into a calibrated cylinder where it was measured once more to find the equal distributions needed in certain concentration given the fact that the research worker tested the dependent variables at different concentrations. The infusion and the positive control was placed in separate bottles of sprayer specifically the first group with 100 % dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit ; the 2nd group for the 100 % dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) fruit infusion ; the 3rd group is for the 50 % dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and 50 % dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit extract mixture ; the 4th group for the 25 % dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and 75 % dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit extract mixture ; the fifth group for the 75 % dalandan ( Citrus aurantium ) and 25 % dayap ( Citrus aurantifolia ) fruit extract mixture ; and the 6th group for the positive control. There were 60s ( 60 ) aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) subjected in this research which were divided into six ( 6 ) groups holding ten ( 10 ) aureate apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata ) each. The groups of snail were tested in six ( 6 ) concentration-labeled basins. The set up was observed within two ( 2 ) hours of clip interval for 12 ( 1 2 ) hours and the observations was recorded.

The Commonwealth and Malaysia free essay sample

The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, most of which were once governed by the United Kingdom and are its former colonies. It was formerly known as the British Commonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth is an organisation where countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction. The primary activities of the Commonwealth are to create an atmosphere of economic cooperation between member nations, as well as the promotion of democracy and good governance in them. There are two terms that a country must fulfil for the country to become a part of the Commonwealth. The first term is that the country must have already achieved its independence. The second term is that the country has been part of Britain or a part of its colony. If any country fulfils these two requirements they can automatically be a part of the Commonwealth (WordIQ. We will write a custom essay sample on The Commonwealth and Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page com 2011). The main objective of Commonwealth is to provide facilities and benefit to member countries and to have diplomatic relations between members and non member countries History Origins of Commonwealth The idea of the Commonwealth took root in the 19th century. In 1867 Canada became the first colony to be transformed into self -governing ‘Dominion’ and others followed. In 1884, the politician Lord Rosebery became the first to call this changing British Empire as the ‘Commonwealth of Nations’. In 1931, the United Kingdom parliament adopted the statue of Westminster, forming the legal foundation of what was to become of the Commonwealth. Under the Statute, the Dominions of Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the Irish Free State became autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth Secretariat 2011) In 1930 the first Empire Games later to be known as the Commonwealth Games was held for the first time. Modern Commonwealth The modern Commonwealth that we recognize it today really began with the independence of India and Pakistan from Britain in 1947. In 1949, India’s desire to become a republic and to cut constitutional ties with the British monarchy while remaining within the Commonwealth, forced leaders to rethink the principals of the Commonwealth membership. The London Declaration of the same year dropped the word ‘British’ from the association’s title. Removing the requirement that member countries have the British monarch as their Head of State, the same declaration recognised King George IV as the symbol of their free association and as such the Head of the Commonwealth. India was thus welcomed as the first republican member in a modern and voluntary association. Committed to racial equality and national sovereignty, the Commonwealth became the natural association of choice of many new nations emerging out of decolonisation in the 1950s and 1960s. From this point on the Commonwealth expanded rapidly with new members from Africa, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean and the Pacific. (The Commonwealth Conversation 2011) Commonwealth Countries -Anguilla -Antigua and Barbuda -Australia -Australian Antarctic Territory Bahamas -Bangladesh -Barbados -Belize -Bermuda -Botswana -British Antarctic Territory -British Indian Ocean Territory -British Virgin Islands -Brunei -Cameroon -Canada -Cayman Islands -Channel Islands -Cook Islands -Cyprus -Dominica -Namibia -Nauru -New Zealand -Nigeria -Niue -Norfolk Island -Pakistan -Papua New Guinea -Pitcairn Islands -Ross Dependency -Seychelles -Sierra Leone -Singapore -Solomon Islands -South Africa -Sri Lanka -St Christophe r-Nevis -St Helena -St Lucia -St Vincent and the Grenadines -Swaziland -Tanzania -Tokelau -Tonga Trinidad and Tobago -Falkland Islands -Falkland Islands Dependencies -Fiji -Gambia -Ghana -Gibraltar -Grenada -Guyana -India -Isle of Man -Jamaica -Kenya -Kiribati -Lesotho -Malawi -Malaysia -Maldives -Malta -Mauritius -Montserrat -Mozambique -Turks and Caicos Islands -Tuvalu -Uganda -Vanuatu -Western Samoa -Zambia -Zimbabwe How Malaysia became a member of the Commonwealth Malaya had been voted into the Commonwealth at the 1957 Prime Ministers conference. Then the Commonwealth countries helped Malaya to become a part of the United Nations. The entry of Malaya made it easier for the newly formed Malaysia which included Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore to become a member of the Commonwealth as well. Furthermore, the entry of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore into the newly formed Malaysia was supported by the Commonwealth as Britain wanted to give all its colonies independence (Boyce . P. J). The Malayan emergency (between1940s-1960s) and the Indonesian Confrontation Another benefit of Malaysia being part of the Commonwealth is the help that the Commonwealth provided Malaysia with during the Malayan emergency and the Indonesian Confrontation. During the Malayan Emergency Malaya gained a lot of help from the Commonwealth. During that period of time Commonwealth countries Commonwealth countries like Australia cooperated with British forces, locally and raised units, and military personnel from other various British Commonwealth countries including New Zealand. Other benefits that Malaysia obtained from the Commonwealth was New Zealand helped in training members of the Malaysian Armed Forces at that time. During the Indonesian Confrontation, the Australian Regiment (Commonwealth Brigade) served in Sarawak between April and August 1966 to help during the confrontation. The Confrontation was a conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia that took place mainly on the island of Borneo. Malaysia British and Commonwealth forces including Australia helped and supported Malaysia. 1964 the Indonesians stunned the British and Malaysians by beginning a series of paratroops and seaborne raids into southern Malaysia leading to fears that the Malayan Emergency would be renewed. At that time, the Commonwealth troops in Malaysia, including Australia, were called into action to deal with the raiders, and the Australian Government agreed to the deployment of an Australian Army battalion in Borneo to help the Commonwealth forces on the island. The Commonwealth reinforcements began by setting up strong points along known infiltration routes. The British Government also gave its approval for Commonwealth forces to conduct patrols across the border into Indonesian territory. This forced the Indonesians onto the defensive and prevented Indonesian incursions into northern Borneo. The policy of Confrontation, which had been intended to prevent this outcome, had cost the lives of 590 Indonesians and 114 Commonwealth soldiers (Australian involvement in South-East Asian conflicts 2009). This shows that the entry of Malaysia into the Commonwealth had many benefits. Through the help of the Commonwealth countries Malaysia was able to maintain its peace during times of great needs. Benefits of Malaysia being a Commonwealth country Malaysia has become an independent country on the 31st of August 1957 and has become a member of the Commonwealth ever since. As Malaysia became a member of the Commonwealth, Malaysia gained many benefits. In the early days of the Commonwealth, the benefit of being part of the Commonwealth was all Commonwealth countries accorded each others’ goods privileged access to their markets and there was a free or preferred right of migration from one Commonwealth country to another. Besides these, Commonwealth consumers retain many preferences for goods from other members of the Commonwealth, so that even in the absences of tariff privileges, there continues to be more rade within the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth also provides benefits to the citizens of Commonwealth countries. For example, the Commonwealth places moral pressure on members who violate international laws, such as human rights, laws and abandon democratically elected government. So if anything like this would to happen to Malaysian citizens or other to Commonwealth citizens the Commonwealth would help. Besides that, the Commonwealth also tra ins experts in developing countries and assisting the by monitoring elections. Other benefits of Malaysia being part of the Commonwealth is we can learn many cultural and historical links between wealthy first class countries and poorer developing nations with diverse social and reglious backgrounds. The common inheritance of the English language and literature, the common law and British systems of administrations, is also another benefit of Malaysia being part of the Commonwealth. Malaysian citizens also have some distinctive rights, for example, Malaysian citizens are usually entitled to register to vote in the elections of other Commonwealth countries if they are residents in that specific country. Malaysian citizens (mainly citizens of Penang and Malacca) who were born on before 1st of January 1983 and have either a British born mother or father have the ‘right of abode’. This right entitles them to enter, live and work in the United Kingdom. Woman from Malaysia who has married to a British man before 1st January 1983 are also entitled to this right. Those who come to the United Kingdom in this scheme may claim state benefits if they intend to make United Kingdom their permanent home. (WordIQ. com 2011). Commonwealth countries like Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Britain has also helped Malaysia maintain its peace after gaining its independence in 1957 by restricting the influence of the Malaya Communist party (Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM)) and defending Malaysia against the terrorism of the Communist party lead by Chin Peng. Besides that, a defence agreement between Malaysia, Britain, Australia and New Zealand was obtained when Indonesia declared a confrontation against Malaysia. Malaysia also uses the Commonwealth as a bridge for participating in various socioeconomic and political activities. Malaysia is also the Commonwealth Secretariat for drawing up technical cooperation programmes such as technology management, agricultural training, environment and remote sensing. The main benefit of being part of the Commonwealth is the opportunity for close and relatively frequent interaction, on an informal and equal basis, between members who share many ties of language, culture and history (WordIQ. com 2011). Another benefit that Malaysia gained from being part of the Commonwealth is all Malaysian products exported to other Commonwealth countries such are given a low tax rate. Another benefit of being part of the Commonwealth is the Commonwealth games. All countries that are members of the Commonwealth are allowed to compete in the Commonwealth games. Malaysia has been competing in the Commonwealth games since 1966 and has won a total of 128 medals over that period of time (Commonwealth Secretariat 2011). Furthermore, scholarships and fellowship are awarded by Commonwealth countries to citizens of other Commonwealth countries under the Commonwealth and Fellowship plan. Malaysia has also awarded citizens of other Commonwealth countries with scholarships and fellowships under the Commonwealth and Fellowship plan. Malaysia offers up to 10 Commonwealth scholarships each year for Master’s or PHD study. Besides that, other advantages of being a part of the Commonwealth is the Commonwealth Writer’s Prize award . Two Malaysians were awarded with that award. Tash Aw was a Commonwealth Writers’ Prize regional winner with the ‘Harmony Silk Factory’ in 2006 and so was Sri Lankan Rani Manicka who was born in Malaysia, with her novel ‘The Rice Mother’ (Commonwealth Secretariat 2011). Besides that, Malaysia has also been able to have diplomatic relations with many other Commonwealth countries and this has brought many benefits to Malaysia and its people. Boyce P. J) Malaysia in the Commonwealth Malaysia also plays a very active and prominent role in the Commonwealth. Its contributions to the Commonwealth are varied and wide-ranging. For example, Malaysia had once chaired the High Level Appraisal Group on the Commonwealth that reviewed the roles and structures of the Commonwealth in the 1990s and beyond. Malaysia also again chaired the first meeting of the Steering Committee of Senior Officials (SCOSO) in 1993 which was tasked to provide policy guidance and future strategic directions for the Commonwealth Secretariat in carrying out the mandates entrusted to it. Malaysia has also participated in several Commonwealth Observer Missions to member countries such as Bangladesh, Ghana, Malawi, Namibia, Pakistan, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Nigeria, to observe the conduct of elections in these countries. These observer missions were part of the Commonwealth’s contribution to the active promotion of the Commonwealth’s fundamental political values, in particular the strengthening of democracy. Malaysia was also able to criticise and show its dissatisfaction towards South Africa through the Commonwealth for its apartheid policies. Malaysia was also responsible for the withdrawal of South Africa from the Commonwealth. The withdrawal of South Africa from the Commonwealth is mainly because Tunku Abdul Rahman had campaigned for the expulsion of South Africa before and during the 1960s Prime Ministers conference (Commonwealth Secretariat 2011). Malaysian senior Commonwealth officers Being a part of the Commonwealth also allows Commonwealth citizens to be a part of the Commonwealth board of members. Some Malaysians were also given the opportunity to be part of the Commonwealth board members mainly as Commonwealth officers. Some examples of Malaysian senior Commonwealth members include: †¢Mohd Shafie Apdal, Chair of the Executive Committee of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association †¢Mohamed Sidek Hassan, member of the Board of Directors, Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management †¢Professor Gajaraj Dhanarajan, President and Chief Executive Officer, Commonwealth of Learning 1995-2004 †¢Dr Omar bin Abdul Rahman, Chair, Commonwealth Partnership for Technology Management †¢Professor Dato Abdullah Malim Baginda, Joint Honorary President, Common Wealth Network for People Centred Development International (Commonwealth Secretariat 2011) Commonwealth meetings that Malaysia hosted Being a part of the Commonwealth also allows Malaysia to host any Commonwealth meetings. In 1989, the Commonwealth Head of Governments Meeting was held in Malaysia for the first time. This meeting resulted in the Kuala Lumpur Statement and the Langkawi Declaration on environment. The Langkawi Declaration was the first Commonwealth statement that included environmental protection as a vital factor in development. In 1998, Malaysia hosted the Third Commonwealth Youth Ministers Meeting. Then in the same year the Commonwealth games was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for the first time. In the year 2004, the first Commonwealth Tourisms Meeting was held in Malaysia. In 2009, The Seventeenth Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Commonwealth Secretariat 2011). Commonwealth Projects Another benefit of being a part of the Commonwealth is the Commonwealth projects. Malaysia has been able to join Commonwealth projects has benefited Malaysia. Export-Oriented CPB Institutional strengthening (2007/08) This Commonwealth Secretariat commissioned project provided assistance to the Government of Malaysia in improving the competitiveness of the Malaysian Professional Services Development Corporation (PSDC). Assistance was provided to develop systems and structures which strengthened professional capacity. The PSDC strategic orientation was redefined to take account of operational and human resources priorities. The project also focused on building the capacity of the PSDC to develop a marketing plan for the promotion of Malaysia professional services. ) Marketing Plan for Professional Services (2000) Assistance was provided (courtesy of the Commonwealth Secretariat) to the Government of Malaysia to formulate a strategic plan for the expansion and diversification of exports of professional services. 3) Expert in Tissue Culture, Malaysian Cocoa Board (2000) The Commonwealth Secretariat commissioned an expert to assist the Malaysian Cocoa Board develop suitable micro propagation techniques for multiplication of cocoa clonal materials. ) Export Market Plan for the Promotion of Professional Services (2000) The objective of this Commonwealth funded programme was to assist the Government of Malaysia in formulating policies and devising implementation strategies and a national plan for an export development programme, designed to assist the expansion and diversification of exports of professional services. 5) Workshop of Project Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation for Points of Contact (1997). The objective of this Commonwealth Secretariat commissioned project was to create awareness among participants of the expected role of POCs and PCPs in the management of technical assistance projects and to enhance their understanding of approaches and techniques used. (Commonwealth Secretariat 2011) Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme The Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP) was first initiated at the First Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) for Asia Pacific Region in Sydney in February 1978. It was officially launched on 7 September 1980 at the Commonwealth Heads of State Meeting in New Delhi to signify Malaysia’s commitment to South-South Cooperation, in particular Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC). In line with the spirit of South-South Cooperation, Malaysia through the MTCP shares its development experiences and expertise with other developing countries. The MTCP was first formulated based on the belief that the development of a country depends on the quality of its human resources. The programme forms part of the commitment of the Malaysian Government towards the promotion of technical cooperation among developing countries, strengthening bilateral regional cooperation, as well as nurturing collective self-reliance among developing countries. The MTCP emphasises the development of human resources through the provision of training in various areas which are essential for a country’s development such as public administration, good governance, health services, education, sustainable development, agriculture, poverty alleviation, investment promotion, ICT and banking. Various short-term specialised courses are offered by MTCP training institutions, many of which are centres of excellence for training. Since its launching, more than 20,000 participants from 138 countries have benefited from the various programmes offered under the MTCP (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme). Through this programme not only other countries benefit, but even Malaysia has some benefits. Through this programme Malaysia not only can show others that it has the ability to help other developing countries to develop but it also allows Malaysia to stand out as other developed countries in this world like the United States of America, Japan or even Britain (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia 2011). Young Malaysians and the Commonwealth Malaysia being a part of the Commonwealth has also benefits for young Malaysian citizens as they are allowed to participate in competitions organized by The Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS). The Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) has run a range of competitions that attract creative talents of young people around the Commonwealth. With writing, film and photography categories, the RCS Young Commonwealth Competitions are open to anybody under the age of 30 living in any Commonwealth countries. They encourage creative responses to global challenges and offer a unique international platform for new young talent. In 2011, all the competitions took the theme â€Å"Science, Technology and Society†. In the 2011 competition, With nearly 4000 entries in the Essay Competition, Zoe Lynn Chitty from Malaysia has been awarded the Special Award for Creative Writing with her story titled â€Å"The day the computer started misbehaving†. Zoe was invited to attend the Gala Awards Ceremony at the Commonwealth Club in London. After returning to Malaysia, Zoe has also written a poem about her trip to London. Her poem, â€Å"The London Rhyme† is about her experience in London when she was there for the high profile award ceremony. Besides that, in 2011, 19-year old Malaysian, Lee Sheng Wang has also been nominated for the Commonwealth Vision Awards in this year’s competition. The Commonwealth Vision Awards promotes excellence in film-making and they were designed to encourage creative filmmaking by young, actual and prospective filmmakers in Commonwealth countries (British High Commission Kuala Lumpur 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, Malaysia has gained many benefits since it became a part of the Commonwealth. The help and support that Malaysia gained from the Commonwealth during the Malayan emergency and the Indonesian Confrontation has been very important because without the help and support of the Commonwealth the Malaysia that we know of today might not exist. Furthermore, being a part of the Commonwealth has also given Malaysia the opportunity to become part of many Commonwealth projects that has helped Malaysia in so many ways. Being a part of the Commonwealth has also benefited Malaysian citizens through the competitions it has held, the Commonwealth games and also through the awards and the scholarships it gives.

congressional project essays

congressional project essays Between these two great men Steve Rothman and Robert Torricelli. I have learned a lot about congressmen and politics but I am going to go into both of their biography and tell you a little about them. Senator Torricelli born Robert Torricelli on August 26, 1951, in New Jersey is where he has spent most of his childhood. Torricelli the son of a school librarian and an attorney, Bobs interest in politics was fueled by his parents and history lessons that he took from his mothers school library. Bob went on to attend University of Rutgers, while there he worked with Brendan Byres successful campaign for governor. After Bob graduated he attended Rutgers law school. Then he worked as a counsel to Vice-President Walter Mondale. Then Bob went to receive his masters degree in public administration from Harvard Universitys Kennedy school of government in 1980. Since then Bob has been in politics, a right now he is a senator in New Jersey. Bob received most of his money from businesses around his hometown. Congressman Rothmans is another great man who rights now lives in Fairlawn, New Jersey. Steven R. Rothmans, a 48 year old moderate democrat represents Bergen and Hudson counties in New Jerseys 9th congressional district. Mr. Rothmans is now serving his 3rd Steve has focused on many issues such as social security and bringing down our national debt. Congressman Rothmans wants the best for New Jersey thats why hes in office. Steve also received money for his campaign from several businesses around New Jersey. The two federal agencies I have chosen to research were the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) and the NSA (National Security Agency). But first I will talk about the CIA because thats my favorite. President Truman created the CIA in 1947 with the signing of the National Security Act. The CIA is an agency, which deals with larger crimes and government politics for the nations secu ...

PAPER 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PAPER 2 - Essay Example The strain theory assumes that all persons aspire for a similar social status and material needs, although the means available to achieve these desires differs from person to person. Institutions like family, educational system, religion and the economy help the individual in attaining success. However, the theory also believes that issues like family status and wealth play a significant role in determining the level of success attained by the individual even in a highly competitive society (Mednick, 2008). The theory thus contends that strain is felt whenever these support factors do not provide equal opportunity thereby prompting people to adopt illegal ways to achieve these means. Such persons are under pressure from the larger society to conform to specific ideals which ultimately forced them to turn into criminals. On the other hand, the control theory believes that such deviations from conformed norms can be resolved through a good family, parenting and education (Adler, 2009). The control theory relies on the ‘push and pull theory’ to explain the reasons behind crime including social deficiencies and psychological pressures that push the individual towards crime and illegal opportunities that can pull the person towards criminal activities.

Criteria of Leadership Effectiveness Research Paper

Criteria of Leadership Effectiveness - Research Paper Example   This is a critical position. Managerial skills, competency, accountability, service delivery and program implementation are some of the criteria through which a minister is evaluated. Managerial skills entail the ability to control the whole ministry, for instance, the Ministry of Education and ensure efficiency at all lower levels. In actual sense, it is termed as administrative capability Competency bases on the ability to deliver and suitability to hold such a high profile position. In such cases, evaluation based on educational background and experience. Accountability, though a managerial skill, it is an independent variable. Ministries deal with lots of cash and thus a minister is evaluated on the basis that the money and services can be accounted for to the last coin. Service delivery is the actual performance towards the set goals. Ministerial positions aim at serving the public and thus its effectiveness is based on this principle by delivery satisfactory results. It all depends on proper implementation of programs.This is the most widespread form of ethical challenge present in almost all organizational systems. By prioritizing issues, there is a huge chance for entities to use bribe as a tool with which they can ensure their ideas are given the first priority. Such unauthorized or formal procedures are considered unethical in any setup. It is difficult to fully contain every bribery situation but it can be reduced by sticking to the stipulated guidelines and penalizing those who indulge in such activities.